157 



i 



THE 



:. REGIONS 



PENNSYL^A-IS^l^ 



MAPS AXD CHARTS OF 



OIL CREEK, ALLErxHENY RIVER, ETC. 



g^ S;boro«gljlj2 ^cUiiblt Saorl;, carcfwlljr CfimpiUb. 



By F. M. L. GILLELEK 




PITTSBURG, PENN.: 
JOHN P. HUNT, PUBLISHER, 

59 Fifth Street, Masonic Hall. 

LONDON: THIEBNEII & CO..,C0 PATERNOSTER ROW- 






Eutorod uccording to Act of Congress, in tlio your 18(H, by 

JOHN P. HUNT, 

In the Cleric's Oflico of tlio District Court of tlio Uiiitcil Hlnion for the Western 

District of P(MnisylvHnii>. 



KTKHKOTYPKD AT TUB 

rUANKLIN TYPE FOnNI>BT, 

CINCINNATI, 0. 



i4c\ 



P E E F A C E . 



When a new discovery has been announced to the world, 
/e always have a share of tolerably educated people whose 
names and conversational style frequently introduce them 
into society. This class are known by their wholesale nega- 
tiving of all things new. They have not succeeded this 
time. The universal household use of oil, with its admira- 
ble properties, compared to other fulminating liquids, has 
made it a staple now necessary to every family. 

The discovery and development of petroleum, as described 
in the text of our work, was made at an early date by the 
aboriginals of the country, who used it for civic and relig- 
ious purposes. 

At a later period, and yet in the recollection of many 
middle-aged men, the oil was gathered and published as 
having rare medicinal qualities. The fifty-cent bottles car- 
ried large labels, advertising petroleum as a cure-all for "all 
the ills which mankind might be heir to." 

Its sale, however, as a cure-all, wiis soon eclipsed by 
the industry and Capital which dcnclojx'd it, and threw it 
into market for light and lul)ri(!atiiig purposes; and which 
now forms a wealthy article of export, commensurate with 
other materials of America. 

We publish this work in order to delineate the real oil 
region of Pennsylvania. The importance and wealth of this 
region, contributing to the necessaries of every family, 
is as yet but poorly comprehended'. 

We furnish a very accurate map of Oil Creek, together 

(iii) 



IV PKHFACE. 

with its tributaries. The AUogliciiy Iviver, ciirenilly (kiliuc- 
atcd, with towns, villafics, 111:1 indiu-turinj;' ostal)lishiiieiits of 
iron and salt, and oil rofinevios, are especially noticed. 
This information is an especial desideratum to a stranger. 

The work abounds in illustrations, Avhilo the statistical 
tables furnish an accurate list of oil companies, their stock, 
etc., together with exportations from Kastern cities. 

To have an accurate account oi' the oil regi(Tns, with 
maps strictly drawn, has required labor, and it is hoped 
that a generous public will ajipreciate the efibrts of the 
editor and publisher to distribute inibrmatiou concerning ;j 
necessary household comfort. 



CON ^r v: N 1^ s 



All(fi;lioiiy IJivcr 7 

Bii;; BroUcriHtriivv ('reck •-'' 

1V\^ Ih-okoiKstniw IhIhikI '-!' 

Bi^ SomboTiiHs IhIiukI '"^ 

Black Fox iMliuid I'"' 

Bald Eagle Mnud 'KV 

Bull Crook iHliiiMJ '>■* 

Cherry IJiin I'^ 

Cherry Tree Kuii ''^ 

Clarke'fl IhUukI -•'^ 

Courfion iHlniids ■>'> 

CogHlcy'H Inland -'^ 

Crooked Creek lnhindH ^>'-i 

Dale'fi iKlaiid ■''>.'{ 

Evaiilt'8 Defeat, Island •I'J 

Einlenton '1 1 

Early'H Island -I't 

Franklin 1^1 

Frceport '-'■■'> 

l<'oiirtccii Mile Island T)!) 

(iooHe Flat Inhind •"!'> 

Hemlock iHlaiidH •i'-i 

Hickory Town JHland •{•'{ 

]l()lnian'H Inlaml •>t 

Hemlock Creek IslandK •^^> 

IIorHc Creek Inhuid '•>^ 

Hare's Island •'^•7 

Jackfion'H Island -'i 

J. Thompson's Island 27 

Jack's Island •'">■'> 

Kittanninfj 22 

Karn's Island r)5 

Mead's Island 25 

Mill stone Island '<() 



VI CONTENTS. 

PAOS 

Maple Island 35 

McCray's Island 36 

McDowell's Island 38 

Mahoning Islands 50 

Murphy's Island 54 

Mad-Dog Island 54 

Nicholson's Islands 53 

Nine-Mile Island 56 

New York Oil Companies 65 

Oil Regions 11 

Oil City 14 

Oil Creek 16 

Oil Creek Island, No. 1 37 

Oil Creek Island, No. 2 38 

Plurnerville 13 

Pithole Island 36 

Puckerty Island 56 

Pittsburg — Its Early History 58 

Its Water and Railroad Facilities 59 

Population and Business 60 

Business Character 61 

Petroleum 62 

Pittsburg Oil Companies 64 

Philadelphia Oil Companies 65 

Robert Thompson's island 28 

Sharpsburg 24 

Scott's Island 26 

Steward's Islands 29 

Shafer's Island 38 

Steen's Island 39 

Stover's Island 43 

Stump Creek Islands 45 

Six-Mile Island 57 

Tidioute... = 19 

Tarentum 24 

Tidioute Island 31 

Tionesta Islands 34 

Two-Mile Run Island 38 

Tar's Island 51 

White Oak Island 31 

Wilnut Islands 36 



ALLEGHENY RIVER. 



The Allegheny River rises in the northern part of 
Pennsylvania, passes through the edge of New York, 
then winds its way back into Pennsylvania. It me- 
anders through Warren County to the extent of fifty 
miles, and, when in Venango County, it directs its 
course to every point of the compass. Probably no 
river in the world rolls for the same distance so 
strange a current. Its name, Allegheny, was given 
by the Seneca tribe of Indians. Its etymology gives 
the definition "Fair Water." The French, during 
their occupation of the country, hailed its flowing 
current as " La Belle Riviere.'' The wild and rugged 
country along its banks, the high and precipitous hill- 
sides, often rising into blufts and clifi^'s, present the 
grand and picturesque of nature's parentage. As it 
flows along, now southward, again almost directly 
north, it forms curves which add grace and majesty 
to itself. It courses its way through the several 
counties of Warren, Venango, Clarion, Armstrong, 
and Allegheny, whose agricultural, coal, and oil pro- 
ducts find their way to market by the navigation 
which this useful river affords. It has many tribu- 
taries, small, and apparently insignificant; yet along 
its banks enterprise and capital have developed 
wealth — wealth in lumber, coal, iron, and oil. Small 

(7) 



8 ALLEGHENY RIVEB. 

rivulets, tracing their way through mountain defiles, 
have been surveyed, the banks and meadows pros- 
pected, and, erelong, the smoke of the furnace or the 
thundering of the forge-hammer will add not only to 
the scenery, but to the wealth of the nation. The 
ax of the lumberman re-echoes through the lofty 
pines ; the saw-mill, with its measured click, hightens 
the bewilderment of a visitor who may ascend a rug- 
ged cliff to survey the grandeur of the surrounding 
regions. While sixty to eighty million feet of lumber 
and eighty millions of shingles descend the river, it is 
suggested, "Are not the supplies exhausted?" Visit 
the regions ; see the supply. " Inexhaustible !" you 
respond. The ax and its ally, the saw-mill, are as in- 
dustrious as when the first raft slowly wound its way 
to the Ohio, to exchange its unhewed logs for the com- 
mon staples of life. But while wealth accumulated 
slowly, and prosperity gradually opened its portals, 
through strong, industrial effort, in iron and lumber, 
a new source of wealth was auspiciously opened — a 
product for the world's consumption — an article of 
positive household necessity — the petroleum of the 
Alleghany regions. To-day its necessity for light and 
lubricating purposes are not only recognized at home, 
but the most distant foreign countries enlarge their 
orders. Thus the rugged districts through which the 
Alleghany and its tributaries run are made important 
aids toward the progress of the ago. 

We have, in our work, attempted to define the 
boundary line of present discoveries, and have given 
a chart of the famous Oil Creek, the contributions of 
which are now amazing the most latent of capitalists. 
We have likewise given a chart of the Alleghany 
Iliver, with its tributaries, its most important towna 



ALLEGHENY RIVER. 9 

and villages, names of large iron furnaces, salt-works, 
and otl'.er places whose magnitude of business invites 
attention, as a guide to those who are strangers to 
this wealthy district. Oil Creek is particularly de- 
fined in the chart, but it may not be amiss to give a 
short historical account of it. The discovery of oil 
can not well be claimed by the present generation. 
Upon investigation, we fi.nd that the creek was named 
by the Seneca Indians, on account of a peculiar kind 
of inflammable oil found floating upon the surface of 
the water. They used it as an unguent, and, tra- 
dition says, often in their religious festivals. It was 
as celebrated with the Indian nations as tlie naphtha 
of tbe Caspian Sea. With it they mixed their war- 
paint, which gave them a hideous, glistening appear- 
ance, and added great permanency to the paint, as 
the oil rendered it impervious to water. 

A commandant of Port Duquesne writes to Gen- 
eral Montcalm, the unfortunate hero of Quebec, in 
1753, thus : 

" I would desire to assure your Excellency this is a most de- 
lightful land. Some of the most astonishing natural wonders 
have been discovered by our people. While descending the Alle- 
gheny fifteen lea,2:ues below the mouth of the Conewango, and 
then above Fort Venango, we were invited, by the chief of the 
Senecas, to attend a religious ceremony of his tribe. We landed 
and drew up our canoes on a point where a small stream entered 
the river. The tribe appeared unusually solemn. We marched 
up the stream about half a league, where the company had arrived 
some days before us. Gigantic hills begirt us on every side. 
The scene was sublime. The surface of the stream was covered 
with a thick scum, which burst into a complete conflagration. 
The oil had been gathered and liglited by a torch. The Indiana 
gave forth a triumphant shout, that made the hills and valleys 
re-echo again and again," 



10 ALLEGHENY RIVER. 

Centuries ago acquaintance was held with this ma- 
terial; but it remained for the present circumspect- 
ive, investigating ago to develop it, and introduce it 
into the households of One-half of the civilized 
nations. 

How important, then, is the Allegheny, with its 
tributaries, upon the waters of which may be seen 
hourly boat after boat, covered with the iron-hooped 
barrels, calmly descending its waters, to contribute 
this great necessary of domestic and mechanical 
life ! 

We need not here describe the towns situated 
along the banks of this useful stream. In the text 
we have given the characteristics of each. Suffice it 
to say, How could they be otherwise than flourish- 
ing? 

The time is j^t in the recollection of many when 
this portion of Pennsylvania was noted for its ster- 
ility, compared to the rich agricultural valleys of 
Eastern Pennsylvania. To-day no more wealthy 
region can be found in the United States. The min- 
eral and oil products are sources of fabulous wealth, 
and enterprise and activity developing them to their 
maximum yield. 

For the cheap and facile transportation of all these 
immense products, let us give the Allegheny the 
credit to which she is entitled, and yet not forget her 
virgin name, " La Belle Riviere." 



THE OIL REGIONS. 



The oil, as it comes from the earthi, either naturally, 
or is expelled by artificial means, forms one of the 
discoveries of the age, which tends so much to the 
comforts of mankind. Much theorizing has been 
done in regard to its geological parentage. While 
the territory over which it manifests itself has been 
visited and explored by amateur as well as profes- 
sional geologists, an acknowledged difference of the- 
ory, as to its fountain sources, producing new 
theories, until we have them multiplied to an unusual 
extent. One thing we know, oil abounds in this 
portion of Pennsylvania, and capital is making it 
yield to a profitable extent. Quantities sufiicient to 
supply the nation with what is now an indispensable 
requisite of every household furnished by the en- 
terprise of individuals and companies. 

The character of the soil, with oil localities, may 
be noticed without committing ourselves to any par- 
ticular theory about its origin, which would be for- 
eign to a work of this kind. 

Geological surveys have discovered petroleum in 
the anthracite and calciferous beds of JSTew York, 
and traces of it even in quartz-crystal regions. The 
limestone of Canada exudes small quantities, while 
the fossil coral at Watertown, Nev/ York, gives evi- 
dence of oil. Again, it occurs on the surface of a 

(11) 



12 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

spring, and issues from the Utica slate, on Great 
Manitouline Island, on Lake Huron. At Black Rock, 
in the iSTiagara River, we have the corniferous beds, 
where it occupies cavities in fossiliferous formations, 
and in sufficient abundance to be an object of com- 
merce. It is said that in Enniskillen, in Western 
Canada, there is a deposit of solid bitumen, or mineral 
tar, half an acre in extent, below which are limestone 
beds. In Erie, Seneca, and Cattaraugus Counties, 
New York, the rocks of the Chemung period (by 
which geologists convey a sandstone formation) aflbrd 
abundant oil-springs. At Chicago, Illinois, recent 
explorations have discovered traces of oil. Parties 
are now eno-ao-ed in further and more extensive eflbrts 
to develop the territory. 

The oil-wells of the Allegheny and its tributaries 
are found in subcarboniferous sandstone, often de- 
scending through overlying carboniferous strata. 
This region of Pennsylvania seems to be the only 
place from which large quantities have been realized. 
In all other attempts small quantities have been 
obtained; but here can be found wells which flow 
from fifty to eight hundred barrels daily, while the 
region of Oil Creek itself exports eight thousand 
barrels daily. There can be no doubt but this region 
is the basin of petroleum. The outer edges may yield 
it in quantities to excite speculative movements, but 
the recompense in oil appears to be small, compared 
to that of Yenango, Green, and Fayette Counties, 
of Pennsylvania. 

Petroleum is a compound of hydrogen and carbon. 
Chemists vary its composition between Cig II20 and 
C26 H23. In becoming inspissated it is often more or 



CHERRY RUN. 13 

less oxydized, losing sometimes, in part, its fusibility 
and its soluljility in ether. 

Within the past year it is estimated that no less 
than two hundred oil companies, representing an 
aggregate of nearly one hundred millions of dollars, 
have been organized, principally for operation in the 
Pennsylvania oil regions. Many of these companies 
are now successfully operating flowing wells in the 
Venango district. 

Cherry Run 

Exhibits marked evidences of good wells. There 
has not yet been a failure to obtain oil on Cherry 
Run. Many companies, with capitals ranging from 
$150,000 to 1500,000, are busily at work sinking wells 
along this territory, some of which have secured 
remunerative wells. The greatest flowing well ia 
about half a mile from the mouth of the river. Its 
yield is about two hundred and fifty barrels daily. 

The contiguous territory gives evidence of oil, and 
much of it is noAv ready for lease. This run seems to 
be immediately upon the great basin of oil lying be- 
neath the territory of about fifty square miles, and 
is esteemed, by men who have had much experience 
in oil-well explorations, to be profitable to those who 
sink wells. 

The course of the run is almost parallel with Oil 
Creek. In the village of Plumerville and its vicinity, 
the sudden erection of derricks, visible every-where, 
gives evidence of the faith of companies and capital- 
ists in expending time and money on its territory. 

There is, consequently, a great excitement in this 
region. The discovery of a two-hundred-and-fifty- 



14 TiiK OIL i;i':<;i(>NS ov I'KNMSylvania. 

biUTol well \)v\- diciii draws iidvcnturcra; and the lands 
contiguous, as woll as those more remote, have been 
quickly leased, and derricks every-wbere rearing their 
tall heads, while speculators in land and oil may be 
seen traversing the i-oads, eager to engage which may 
seem jirolitablc, in their judgmenl. 



Oil City. 

Oil City is situated on the Allegheny River, at the 
mouth of Oil Creek, one hundred and tifty miles 
above Pittsburg. Oil C^reek divides the place, over 
which there is a bridge connecting the two parts of 
the city. 

It is the port for the oil of the territories for some 
miles above on the creek, and forms the chief harbor 
for oil shii)ment8 from the Oil Creek, Cherry liuu, 
and Cherry-tree Ivun territories. 



OIL CITY. 15 

The iiniiicnsc qnantities of oil upon tlio liindings at 
cerlain seasons, iiwaitini^ sliipiueiit, })resent, in tliem- 
Belvcs, a curiosity for strano-ors, while Avagou after 
wagon — estimated to he from one thousand to fifteen 
hundred (hiily — arrive and traverse its streets, laden 
with the products of the upper territory, astonish the 
stranger. For its commanding position in the oil 
trade it deservedly commands its name, and is enti- 
tled to the attention of visitors as well as capitalists. 

In its main streets flowing wells, as well as pumping 
wells of profitable yield, are now in operation, while 
here and there new explorations are daily making. 
The different landings from which shipments are 
made, with their wonderful heaps of hai'rels, and 
fleets of boats lading and unlading, j^resent a scene 
of busy activity rarely witnessed in u ])lace of similar 
size. 

The resident po])ulation is computed to l^e about 
four thousand, and steadily increasing; and it is not 
unr(?asonable to l)elieve that, as further developments 
are made, there will continue to be di-awn hither capi- 
talists from Europe as well as our owji country, ready 
to invest in this city of the oil trade; and it is a 
v^ery reasonable anticipation, consequent upon present 
developments, with steadily advancing yields, that, in 
a few years, it will present a city of metropolitan 
appearance. 

The bridge which connects the two parts of the 
city is a wooden structure, and over it heavy teams 
are continually crossing, with a large number of 
vehicles and horsemen. It commands a view of the 
mouth of Oil Creek with its multitud(! of barges, while 
a view up the creek reveals a fleet of boats jammed 
to such a degree that a stranger may W(>11 wonder 



16 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

how even tlu^ most skillful Ixtativum could navigate 
throtii:!,-h tlieiii. From this bridge the great Pond 
Fresh, of uliicli a. very correct view is given, was wit- 
nessed ])}' crowds, ^^■llo looked upon the grand specta- 
cle with awe and wonder. 

The average shipnunit from Oil Creek is estimated 
at about eight thousand Ijarrels, which, at the })resent 
time, may be considered worth about forty millions 
annually. Tliis, to a great extent, finds its way down 
the Alleghany River, where ready transhipment is 
made to the eastern cities. Of this large exportation 
Oil City enjoys a fair proportion. Some large refine- 
ries arc located in and about the city, the business 
of which forms a heavy part of the capital employed 
iu this emporium of the oil trade. 

On. Creek. 

Oil Civek is the outlet of a small lake in the north- 
west part of Crawford County, between the villages 
of l\ice\'ille and Union. Its course is south-east; 
its length about thirty miles; and empties into the 
Alleghany one hundred and fifty miles above Pitts- 
burg. From its source to its mouth exphn-ations 
for oil havc^ been made, and immense quantities ob- 
tained. Along its borders a forest of derricks may 
be seen, some producing tiowing wells, while others 
are pumping. 

The most productive wells are located within 
twelve miles of its mouth. However, many very re- 
munerati\',MvclIs ai'e in operation above this distance, 
and the territory indicates oil, although perhaps not 
ecpnilly developed. The Watson plats, below Titus- 
ville, corrobt)rate this by late developments in many 
good wells. 



OIL CREEK. 17 

The average depth of wells along the creek is 
about seven linndred feet — the greatest depth, one 
thousand feet. The plats have yielded the richer 
products in the aggregate, yet many wells on the 
hill-sides have been very compensatory, among which 
we may mention the Noble Well, which flowed, at 
its firgt opening, about twenty-five hundred barrels 
daily. This well, with others, with their derricks 
and immense tanks, furnish a very picturesque sight 
to a stranger, as he meanders his way amid the 
tanks, the derricks, and the industrial efibrts along 
the banks of the creek. 

The plats very frequently alternate — now upon 
one side of the creek, again upon the other. Their 
width is from one-eighth to half a mile, and present 
a business appearance never before witnessed among 
the hills of Pennsylvania. By reference to the chart, 
two tributaries of very great importance may be 
traced. The positions along the creek are desig- 
nated, as will be observed, by farms — as the Clapp 
farm, the jMcClintock farm, the Buchanan farm, 
and others. Between the Buchanan farm and the 
J. McCUintock farm is the terminus of Cherry Run, 
a small tributary running almost parallel with the 
creek itself. Many explorations have been made on 
this run with abundant yields, some wells producing 
from two hundred and fifty to three hundred barrels 
daily. ISTot far from its source the pleasant village 
of Plumerville is located, whose citizens enjoy a 
church, school, hotel, and the usual surroundings of 
a pleasant village, near which place may be seen the 
refineries of Messrs. W^arren & Co., and one under 
the name of the Hiniiboldt Refinery, under the 
highh' successful management of Messrs. Buez, Lu^ 



18 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. '' 

dovick I'c Co. Both retiueries have largo capitals 
emplovml, and are oonsidovcd equal, in wealth and 
immensity ot" business, to any other in the oil regions. 

It "will he observed that Cherry-tree Run, which 
rises betwoon the Rynd and the Dempsey farms, is an- 
other tributary of Oil Creek. Along its banks most 
valuable territory may be found. As yet, it has 
scarcely received that attention -which other depart- 
ments of this region have. 

The Oil Creek region possesses almost tabulous 
wealth, both in a state developed and undeveloped, 
and invites the attention of capitalists from Europe, 
as well as from all districts of the ITuited States, and 
may now be considered, in point of present and pro- 
spective wealth, the India of America. 

Warren. 

Warren, the county seat oi' Warren, is situated on 
the right bank of the Allegheny. It is elegibly sit- 
uated, and commands picturesque views both up and 
down the river. It was incorporated in 1S8'2. 

Xear the center of the town, which is about one- 
fourth of a mile tVom the river, is the public square : 
around its sides are situated the public buildings. It 
contains an academy, which, with the court-house, 
is built of brick. The jail, prothonotary's office, and 
bank building are of stone, and of respectable archi- 
tectural appearance. 

The place contains five churches : the Method- 
ist F.piscopal, German Methodist, PresbN-teriau, Lu- 
theran, and Rou\an Catholic. The dwellings and 
business houses are generally Avooden. tirmly erected, 
and well painted, the neatness and cleanly appearance 
ot' which strike a visitor's eye upon entering the 



I'IDIOUTE. 19 

town. However, many costly and elegant brick 
buildings have been ei'ected within a few years past. 
We may enumerate the Carver House, the Tanner, 
the Watson, the Johnsoii blocks, besides nntny ])ri- 
vate residences. The scat of justice Avaa fixed at 
Warren at the organization of Ihc c'oimly, M:u\'li !(!, 
1810. It is two hundred aiul twcuty-llircc miles 
from Pittsburg by land, and two hundred and three 
by river. 

The business of Warren varies with the seasons of 
the year. During the rafting IVcshcts, the whole 
country^ as well as Warren, i>rescnls a business-like 
appearance. All is busllc with tlic [trc[):irations of 
lumbermen. 

Warren nuiy be considered at the lu^;id of slcnni 
navigation on the Allegheny Rivei", nuxny mill-diims 
having been constructed up the river, which obstruct 
the further passage of steamboats. Jlcavily freighted 
keel-boats from Pittsburg also arrive and de]';irt at 
certain seasons of the year. During these rafting 
seasons Warren enjoys a harvest of trade, to which it 
is so justly entitled, from the character and liberality 
of its business men. 

TiDIOUTE. 

Tidioute is situated on the right side of the river. 
It comprises two considerable villages — Upper and 
Lower Tidioute — which are about a uiilc apart. It 
contains a number of stores, taverns, mechanic sho})s, 
etc. It likewise has I'resbyterian and Methodist 
churches. 

Here we enter upon the oil territory of the Alle- 
gheny River, undeveloped, developing, and developed. 
Evidences oi" oil have long been observable along the 



20 THE OIL REGION ;> OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

river margins, and the enterprise of individual capi- 
talists and companies of large capitals have ventured 
on this region. Some have been successful to a sat- 
isfactory extent, while others are busil}" engaged in 
erecting derricks, importing engines, together with 
other accompaniments necessary for well-boring. The 
evidences are very favorable. It may safely be pre- 
dicted that this region will, at no ver}^ distant day, be 
able to compete with territories of older develop- 
ment. If enterprise, activity, and capital are true 
levers of success, the prediction seems safe, and need 
not be feared. The town is enlivened by the presence 
of oil operators, speculators, agents for Eastern com- 
panies, and others who are on prospecting tours. 

" Petroleum is one of the newest of our products. 
It was discovered just when it was wanted — when 
there was trouble in the manufacturing world about 
the production of oils, of which machinery alone re- 
quired immense quantities for lubricating purposes. 
The problem of a cheap light was also becoming 
serious, in consequence of the exhaustion of the whale 
fisheries, and even by the increasing valui,) of the fat 
of the hog, in consequence of its employment for 
illumination. In camphene and such burning Ihiids 
there were dangerous gases, which led to frequent 
explosion of lamps. But another use of petroleum 
presents itself At the commencement of the South- 
ern Rebellion, the E"orth was completely cut off from 
the turpentine districts. The A'-ery small supplj' in 
Northern hands quickly advance^ to exorbitant rates. 
In fact, it could not supply the demand for painting 
and other mechanical purposes. But, happily, in the 
refining of crude oil, an article designated l)cnz(.-U> 



I'KANKLIN. 21 

was discovered, the cliemical purposes of which proved 
themselves the equal, if not the superior, of the prod- 
ucts of the Southern pine, at once relieving the wants 
of builders and other mechanics. It now forms an 
important article of domestic as well as foreign com- 
merce. Such are the results of the late oil discover- 
ies, administering to the wants of mankind in so 
numerous etfectual ways. 

" Petroleum was introduced to the world just at 
the moment when it was sorely needed. To our own 
people it has been a blessing, but to foreign nations 
a boon, which it is shown they appreciated, by the 
heavy and increasing demand for the article, which 
has already become an important commercial mate- 
rial." 

During the rafting freshets Tidioute becomes lively 
in business aspects. There are several large saw-mills 
in its vicinity, many of which have temporary rail- 
roads to carry their lumber to the river. The lum- 
bering business furnishes employment for several 
hundred men, adding much to the trade of the place. 

Franklin. 

Franklin, the county seat of Venango County, 
Pennsylvania, is situated on the Allegheny, at the 
mouth of French Creek. It was laid out in 1795, 
and contains the usual county buildings, together 
with six churches. There are several large mills and 
furnaces in the vicinity, from which much trade is 
derived. The dams on French Creek aiFord im- 
mense water-power for mills. Population, 1,500. 

The locality of Franklin is now considered one of 
the *2:reat reservoirs or basins of the oil reo-ions. Its 



22 TUK OIL RKiJloNS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

iiiHuoiiso prodiu'dNo th:ii-;u'U'r, wliich is now being 
ilovi>lo|>0(l, |ti"()vi>s (lio iHM'taiiilv ol" obtainiiiii; an 
abiuulant and steady How oi' oil wlu'i'ever the terfi- 
tory is pierced. Numerous oil-\\ oils haw been struck, 
and tbe indiciitioiis arc that the supply socnis to be 
inc\hauslil)K\ lis uses are nuiUiplyiuii- aiul certain. 
The Allei;"iieuy and its ti-ibutaries proihice the iilu- 
niiinitiui;- oils, beu/.iue, luhrieatiui;" antl [mint oils, etc. 
Many who have been carefully in'os|)cctiui;" this 
stream have dccidcil on purchasiuii' and boring at or 
near Kranklin, and every thin^j- indicates certain 
success. 

Kirr.WNMNt:. 

Kittanniuii', the seat o\' /lustice tor Armstrouij 
County, is a Ncry beautiful tmvn. It is haudsouu'ly 
Bituatod on tbo left bank oi' tlu^ river. The buildinii'S 
are good, and gcitcrally built ol' bi'ick; many are 
handsome, and display the taste and refinement oi' the 
proprietors. Four streets run parallel with the river, 
and which are crossed at right angles by eight other 
spacious ways. It was laid out in lSt">4; incorporated 
into a borough in IS'Jl. Topulation, about o.etH). 

Visitors are oftei\ induced to remain some time, to 
enjoy the surrounding picturesque scenery and the 
pure, exhilarating atmosphere which this location 
atlbrtls. 

The place contains a very tine hotel, which visitors 
delight to eulogiy.e, on account of its really pleasntit 
appointments. Large chambers, handson\ely tur- 
nished, with high ceilings, excellent ventilation, a 
table with all thai an epicure could desire; and, 
above all, a clever landlord, in the person of Mr. 
l\eynolds. (after whom the house is named, " The 



I'llEKPORT. 28 

Reynolds Ilotisi'"'), mw sullicicnf to seduce ;i wciwy 
traveler to "put u])" tor licall lifiil invigonitioii and 
the cnjoyuu'iit of a teiiiporarv Iioiih'. 

FkKKI'OHI'. 

Frecport, situahMl on the li^lil li:nd< ol" the Alle- 
gheny, 18 a floui'isliiiig villanc, and, lor ils liandwoiiie 
location, is Rccond to no oIIht town or villai^o on tlie 
river. It posHesses many naliiral advantii_u;'eH. Huf- 
falo Creek empties into tiie river at llie lower (uid of 
the town; and at its mouth is a lloiiriHliin^ village, 
which is a jiopular rcndczvouH lor boatmen during 
the seasons of Ihx^d and ice. 

Frceport Island, at tlui up]»cr j)ai't of the village, 
forms a fine c(\<\y in front of IIk; town — an excellent 
landing-place for rafts and boats. 

The canal from Pittsburg to JMiiladiiphia passes 
directly tlirougli liere. Four daily trains of cars, on 
the Alleglieny Valley Railroad, [lass by on the oj)po- 
sitc side of the river. 

The |)lac<' contains many large stores and hotels, 
besides many mechanic sho|)S, foundries, steam-mills, 
woolen factories, etc. It was inc()i-poi'at(!d on April 
8, iH'jli, and now contains nearly 2,500 inliabitants. 
It is bl(!ssed will) s('\cii churches: the Methodist 
Episco))al, Haplist, rresbylcrian, liUlheran, Sec^eder, 
Episc,o])al, and lioman (,'atliolic. With these advant- 
ages Frecport may be con.sidci'cd a progressive town, 
fully " lip to tlu; age." 



24 the oil regions of pennsylvania. 

Tarentum. 

Tarentum, situated on the right shore, above the 
mouth of Bull Creek, is an exceedingly well-built 
town. It is twentj-one miles above Pittsburg by 
the canal, which passes through it. The locks of 
the canal afford an excellent water privilege. Sev- 
eral mills are situated in the vicinity, propelled both 
by water and steam, besides large salt-works and 
coal-mines. The place contains the usual number of 
churches, stores, shops, etc. 

Sharpsburg. 

Sharpsburg is situated on the right bank of the 
Alleghany. Its appearance, in a business view, indi- 
cates it a thriving town. It has had a very rapid 
growth, and its increase of population, buildings, 
etc., anticipate a large town at an early period. It 
contains several extensive manufacturing establish- 
ments, rolling-mills, sash factoiy, steam and keel- 
boat building, etc. It is five miles from Pittsburg 
by the river. 



%lli|l!llllii|i 






I r 






iiiii 



ip^^^ 




THE ALLEGHENY RIYER 



DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 1. 
Morrison's Bars. 

[Warren, 1 mile — Pittsburg, 202 miles.] 

After passing the pier of a bridge, (that once 
spanned the Allegheny, and which, after being un- 
roofed in a gale of wind, was suffered to become so 
much injured and exposed that it gave way, and its 
wooden remains floated down the river), the pilot 
should keep near the right shore as far as the licad 
of the riffle, one-hall' a mile above the bars. When 
half-way down the riffle, incline nearly to the mid- 
dle, so as to pass between the two bars. In high 
water, little or no notice need be taken of the right- 
hand bar. 

Mead's Island. 

[Warren, 3^ miles — Pittsburg, 199^ miles.] 

This island is large, containing three hundred 
acres, and very valuable. It is owned by Mrs. Mead. 

The channel here is to the right or left, but the 
right side is the better. Jiy this, a j>ilot need not 
cross back to the right again above Grass Flat 
Islands. 

Mead's Bar, from the island, stretches about one- 
fourth of a mile below the head. It reaches nearly 

(25) 



26 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

half-way from the island to the right shore, throw- 
ins: a stronc: current into the rio;ht bank. Turn 
short around the bar, as chart directs. "When past 
the foot of the island, keep near shore, and look 
out for 

Jackson's and Grass Flat Islands. 

[Warren, 4f miles — Pittsburg, 198J miles.] 

These islands have frequently sliown themselves 
to be troublesome customers to many lumbermen. 
Thousands of dollars' worth of lumber have been 
lost upon them. Pilots should follow the channel to 
the extreme right of these islands, which is always 
the deepest and safest, until having passed the lower 
Grass Flat until even with the end of the latter 
island; then hold to the left, and prepare for 

Scott's Island. 

[Warren, 5 miles — Pittsburg, 197 miles.] 

Here the channel is to the left. The island is close 
to the right shore. There is little water to the right 
of it. Scott's Eddy is at the extremity of the island. 

Big Brokeiistraw Creek. 

[Warren, 6 miles — Pittsburg, 19G miles.] 

This creek rises in Erie County, Penn., and after 
receiving the waters of Colfee, Hair, Spring, Mullen- 
gar, and the Little Brokenstraw Creeks, empties into 
the Alleghany, seven miles below Warren. 

The Little Brokenstraw takes its rise in Chau- 
tauguo County, not tar from the head-waters of 
French Creek, and empties into the Big Broken- 
straw, seven miles above its mouth. The lumbering 
business is extensively pursued on all the tributaries. 



THE ALLEGHENY RIVER. 27 

Several millions of feet of lumber, together -with an 
immense amount of shingles, yearly leave this point, 
and find a market throughout the country. 

Brokenstraw Eddy is a few rods below the mouth 
of this creek, upon the right side, forming a very 
excellent place for preparation for lumbermen. 

The village and land for a considerable distance 
around is owned by Dr. Wni. A. Ii'vine, grandson 
of General Wm. Irvine, of the Revolutionary army, 
and who was for several years Commissioner of the 
State, in superintending the survey of lands north- 
west of the Alleghany, under a law of 1792. 

Brokenstraav Island. 

[Warren, 7| miles — Pittsburg, lOo] miles.] 

Here we have the channel to the right. The island 
is about three-fourths of a mile long, and contains 
sixty-three acres of cultivated land. 

From the head of the island, in low water, keep 
near the middle. When approaching Dr. Irvine's 
house, incline to the right, to avoid the bar on the 
left, about opposite the house. After passing the bar, 
keep a little to the right of the middle, as far as the 
extremity of the island. The water is always deeper 
along the right shore. 



DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 2. 

J. Thompson's Island. 

[Warren, Of miles — Pittsburg, 193:} miles.] 

This island is owned by Mr. James Tbonip -wi 
It is over a mile long, and contains fifty-seven acres 
of tillable land. 



28 Til 10 OIL REGIONS 0¥ PENNSYLVANIA. 

Iloiv (ho c'hiiimol is to (lie rii^lit. In low water, 
koo|) voiy iioiir (lie rii;'lit slioro iirouiul tlio riglit point 
l)i>lo\\- Dunn's Fjddy, until around to the niountaiu. 
\ o\i arc tluMi clear ot" tiie largo barn wliioh project 
iVoui the head of the island. Keep near the riiiht 
slu)iH> unli! Oeertield liar has been passed, which is 
1h>K)W the middle of the island, and roaches about 
hall'-wav from the island to the right shore. 

Look well to Deoriiclil Bar in all stages of water. 
After [massing the foot oi' the island, keep the right 
shore down as far as 

Clarke's Island. 

[Wiirron, 11 J miles — rittsbiu'g, 191 J milos.] 

Channel again to the right. Enter the chute about 
midway between the island and right shore. Incline 
slightly to the right to avoid a bar which projects out 
a short distance from the head oi' the inland. Keep 
along the right shore until at the foot oi' the island. 
There is i\o channel to the left. 

IxOBERT Thompson's Island. 

[Wiinon, I'Jij miles — rittsburg, IW\ miles.] 

Here we have channels to the right ami left. The 
main travel is to the riii'lit in all staij:es oi' water. 
l''ri>m the foot of Clarke's Island, keep near the 
right shore, so as to be within a few feet of it while 
passing the head of the island, ^'ou are then clear 
of the large. Hat bar which projects out from the 
head oi' the island, and reaches half-way to the right 
shore. At'ter having passed the bar, rim over to the 
left about half-way to the island. 

l.>e carel'nl when passing the foot oi' Clarke's 
Island; take care of the stronu' current that makes *' 



THE ALLEGHENY KfVER. 29 

the left. Observe a large rock three rods irom left 
shore. 

Steward's LsiiANDs. 

[Warren, 14.] miles — PiM.sburg, ]H8^ milps.] 

The first of these islands contains fifteen acres, and 
is owned by Mrs. Magee. The second contains 
twenty acres, and Ixilongs to l*eter Smith. 

Channel to the right. Tliis is the first general 
crossing-place below Warren. 

CllAKLlOY SmFTII's BahS. 
[Warren, Itj milcH — I'iUshiii-;;, IHO iriilcs.] 

The ice-gorge in 185^' nearly mined this portion of 
the river for navigation in low wat(!r. There are 
four different channels, nnd not ;iny of tlicni <lc('|), 
wide, and straight enougli to run barges or rafts 
through with safety. The best of these, in a fair 
running stage of water, is the lelt-shore channel over 
Bar No. 2. This bar, having l)een formed by the ice, 
extends across the channel in a form known to river- 
men as a " pocket," or "fish-basket." The left center 
channel, made by Bar No. 2. This channel is the 
deepest of the four by nearly a foot, but no large 
boat can turn in it. 

The right center channel is between the tow-head 
and Bar No. 1. It is two inches deeper than the left 
channel on Bar No. 2. The fourth is to the right of 
the tow-heads. While passing the bar that extends 
from the tow-heads diagonally, keep very near the 
right shore. This channel is narrow and crooked, 
although some tbiidc it the l)est in low water. 



80 TIIK Oil, KKUIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



DlHIsCTlONS von i\l AT .NO. '^. 
Mii.i--t>TONK Island. 

|\V;nroii, 17 inilo"* l'iltshm\!r. 1 Sn nulos.] 

IIkkk llio clinmiol is lo (ho KM'I, about tlio oontor of 
Iho \c\\ olinto. 

CiOOSK Kl.AT Isi.ANP. 

l\V:irroii, IS loilos Pitlsbm\!.\-, ISI iiiilos.] 

Cltamiol \o llio \c[\. 'TIum'o is also n oliannol (o iho 
ris;-lu ; Inil it is nol Iraxi'loil uuioli. 

MaOKk's |>.\1!. 
[\V:>noii, r.' inilof- riMfbius;-, 1S;> uiilos.) 

Olumnol to tlio riuht. Al'ior Icavinu- (lio lower 
Ooot^o Vh\\ Islautl. kooj^ noar llio luiiKllo. When 
pat'siut;" tlio l>ar, bo a litllo uoaror to tho rii;hl than 
loll shore; at'ler whioli inoHno to the let't. 

Oorut^ON ISI.ANPS. 
[W.'U-von, I'.'jj u\\los — Pitlssbvivg, ISoJ milos.] 

Ohaunel to the lel"(. Nv^ navi>rable ohaunel to tho 
ri^ht. 

Ma^u'iuk's Hah. 

|\V;>nvn. -1 u\ilos ritisbin-sr. ISl milos.] 

Here the ehannel is to the riii'ht. This bar is situ- 
ated on the let't. a tew rovls above the toot ot' the 
third (.\Mirson Island. It roaehes about halt-way 
tVoni the let't slu>re to the island. When passiuij it 
in low water. Iea\e iwo-ihinls ot' the river to the let't. 



'I'lii; \i,i,Kiiiii'-.\v i!ivi:n. 



81 



TihiDii'i'i'; lsi,\Ni», 

I Wiirri'ii, :'•.' inili'H Til l-;lMir" , IM mile" | 
rilots sIkmiM, ill order lo li;i\'(> u rni-yrc\. kliowK'ilt;'^ 
ot" 1 Ills |il;ic(\ I li<>r(Miy;lil V ('\:iiihim" I lie cliiirl . In lii^li 
walcr, rnl'lM lliiil ('(iiiir iVoiii :ilii>\(' I lie ('oiiiMnn 
]s1:iii(1m ;iI\v:i\'s i'o Id llic Idl ; Iml llif fciilcr, or 
clijiiiiicl wliirli riiiiM bfl w ('I'll llic Iii':mI of Ilic iMhiiid 
Mild Mil' ii|)|i('r middle Icir, erosMcM Ihc lio;il cliniincl, 
:iiid runs lo llic rit;lil of tlw lower niidillc Icir, in 
prcrcrjililc in low wnlcr. Tlic rii-lil or low wiilcr 
I»o:i.l cliiiiiiicl liiiiis lo llic ri;;lil :il llic ii|i|H'r end of 
llic cd<l\', ;iiid :ilio\(' the n|i|ier middle li:ir |i;iHseK 
lliidii'^li III!' i'(\i\\ :iiid <lowii llic rillle iiJioiit liircii 
rods from llic rit;'lil shore, ei-osses llie eeiiler ehiiiincl, 
iilid runs down close lo I lu^ iHliilld, iUid lo I. lie lellor 
I. he lower middle l»:ir. The hllier is deeper Minn 
(Tilhcr ol' Ihc olJicrs, hiil- loo crooked ;i-l llie lieadii of 
(he ii|)|i(M" iind lower middle hiirn lor ndlH To ^el, iiilo, 
Tlu' hue pii tli»' ri,i!,hl, heh)U' ilordon's U'uii, r{»ju'heH 
over luiJl'-Wiiy lo llie fool, ol" Ihc ishiiid. Al'li^r |);i,hh- 
iiiL!' Ihc ishiiid, cross (o Ihc rii;lil slior(>. 



VVmri'i ()ak Island. 

I WiuTi'ii, '.'.>'i niili'M I'IIImIiiii'i.';, 177 iiiilrH.| 

h'roni Ihc Tool, ol" 'ridioiil-e lid;ilid lo While OiiU 
iJierc :ii'c no h': s lluili leii ishilids :iiid hiil'H, which 
_j;i\e Ihc ri\'er ii, rilL';;;'('d ;i|>|ic;ir:iiicc. l<'roiii Ihc ecu 
l,(!r lo Ihc lel'l shore, ishmd;:, Icirs, iiiid low Ih'imIs 
Hpo) Ihe ri\er; Ihc cliiiiiiicI is, lioW'e\er, :ilw':iyri lo 
the ri<.';lil. Tiiey ;ire well dcliiied on IIk- churl. 

The ruined \\ hile ()iik <'hule, which is I he nniiii 
il'uvclcd |i:itli in hi'di w;iler, i:i lo Ihe riidil- of (he 
iH)jUj(j, The ciciiilicl lo Ihc Icfl of While Onk ill coll- 



32 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

sidered the best in low water, and many like it the 
better in high water. 

To run through this channel, hold over to the left, 
close to Isaac Jones' Island, after passing the little 
eide-bar near the head. 



DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 4. 

venango county, penn. 
Hemlock Islands. 

[Warren, 27f miles — Pittsburg, 175 J miles.] 

Channel to the left. In low water keep near the 
shore while passing the head-bar of the island, then 
incline toward the middle, and, when near the foot 
of the island, keep slightly toward the right of the 
middle, as far as the foot of the third, or lower 
island, then steer a straight course down about the 
center of tlie river, between Prather's Bars, passing 
to the right of Prather's Island, thence to the left, 
when you approach the bend beloAv. By this you 
avoid Siggiu's Bar, which projects from the right 
shore, and reaches half-way across to Dorkaway 
Island. When the river is very low, run quite near 
to this island. 

In rafting stages, Fishing Bar is under water. Be 
not deceived as to its precise location. 

Flat-bod^ts, in very low water, should keep near the 
left shore when passing Green's Landing. ^^^len 
about the middle of the hist Hemlock Islands, turn 
ehort to the riii'ht. 



ALlEUBEFf N«J 




DmiyTitin 



ALLEr,HEXY^«2 




SJl^ds/rorn sTiore ^y 



1^ / /,Snii(/is liars 

^arinauleltv Lce in MJ3 .VfJ 



Bollv ffoUonBan 



aVMi'I/ .tn>nr /.>•/ 



Cour^fon TsZs. 




AiJ.E(JHKxy :(»;•) 



Sar 



£ust 



Jbrierfi'rJd arWMie-i 



o 



e 

« 
^ 



iagill Chafe 




head 
^'^^ \\ \f (lac Jones Isl- 






ALLECBENY N°4 



(R/ick- 



astSickoryCr 
uFrather's 







the allegheny kiver. 33 
Hickory Town Island. 

[Warren, 81J miles — Pittsburg, 171^ miles.] 

Channel to the left. Keep slightly toward the left 
of the middle until the large tow-head at the foot of 
the island has been passed. Then make a long cross- 
ing to the right shore, to prepare for Dale's Gap. 

The channel to the right of the island is very shal- 
low, and frequently dry. 

Dale's Island and Gap. 

[Warren, 33|- miles — Pittsburg, 169| miles.] 

Channel to the right. Keep quite near the right 
shore, around the right point, when entering the gap. 
After passing the large bar near the head of the 
island, keep slightly to the right of the middle until 
you arrive at the extremity of the island ; then turn 
short around the right-shore point, in order to pass 
the bar of Middleton's First Island, close by. Keep 
slightly toward the right of the middle until about 
half-way down the second island ; you are then clear 
of the head bar. l^ow turn to the left, so as to be 
close to the tow-head when passing it, at the foot of 
the island. After passing it, work over to the left, 
so as to pass about midway between Hunter's and 
May's Islands. ISTow turn slightly to the left, when 
descending the riffle, to avoid a large bar oi; 
right, below the foot of Hunter's Island. Then cr<,)is 
over to the right shore, to prepare for the Tionesta 
Islands. 

The channel to the left of Middleton Islands is 
much deeper to the right, and better in low water. 
To run through this channel, you should, when ap- 
proaching the foot of Pale's Island, keep gradually 



34 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

to the left, 80 as to be quite near the gravel bar at 
the foot of the island. After passing the bar keep 
to the left, and pass about midway between the foot 
of Dale's left-hand Island and the head of Middle- 
ton's Upper Island. 

After passing the head of second Middleton Island, 
incline to the right, and run quite near the tow-head 
at the foot. You then avoid Tub's Bar, which makes 
out from the left at the mouth of Tub's Run. 



DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 5. 

TioNESTA Islands. 

Warren, Sl^ miles — Pittsburg, 165J miles.] 

These islands are thirteen in number, and extend 
along the river for about two miles. Some of them 
are under a liigh state of cultivation. 

Channel to the right. Alter passing the head of 
the second island, keep near the middle until about 
half-way down, then gradually work over to the left. 
Having passed the head of the lower island, keep to 
the left, so as to run close to its foot. This will carry 
you clear of Cushon's Bars on the right, which ex- 
tend nearly to the foot of the island. ISTow cross 
directly to the left shore ; and, when crossing, take 
care lest you be driven upon Cushon's Bars by the 
current that comes down from the left of the island. 

Holman's Eddy, a short distance below these islands, 
is a good landing. 

Holman's Island. 

[Warren, 41 miles — Pittsbui-g, 162 miles.] 

Here the channel is to the left. About half-way 
down the island are Holman's Bars. 



THE ALLEGHENY RIVER. 35 

In high water, keep close to the left shore, and to 
the left of the bars ; but in low water the better chan- 
nel is to the right of the bars. When even with the 
head of the iwlaud, keep slightly to the right of the 
middle. After passing the bars, turn back to the left, 
so as to be above the head bar of Holman's Second 
Island. The water is not as deep, by six inches, to 
the left of Holman's Bars as at Maple Island. 

Maple Islands. 

[Warren, 42 miles — Pittsburg, 161 miles.] 

Channel about midway between the two islands 
that are on the right, and one close in to the left 
shore. When passing the lowermost island, keep 
about the middle of the river, and also while ap- 
proaching the bars in the bend immediately below. 
When around the bend, cross to the right shore, to 
prepare for Hemlock Creek Islands. 



DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 6. 

Hemlock Creek Islands. 

[Warren, 44J miles — Pittsbui'g, 158i miles.] 

Channel to the right. Keep close to the right shore 
until you have passed all of the islands ; after which 
cross to the left. This channel is a little deeper than 
either of the others. Flat-boats can go to the left 
of the first two islands, and to the right of the last 
two. There is also a center channel, which is fre- 
quently navigated with boats. This is between the 
first two, and to the right of the last two. 

Muskrat Eddy, a short distance below, is a good 
landing:. 



86 the oil regions op pennsylvania. 

McCray's Island. 

[Warren, 46J^ miles — Pittsburg, 156f miles.] 

Main channel is to the left. From the foot of the 
Hemlock Creek Islands, keep near the left shore 
until the tow-head has been passed. Henry's Bar is 
situated in the bend below, a little to the right of the 
middle, and opposite Henry's residence. Channel to 
the left. 

PiTHOLE Island and Bars. 

[Warren, 48f miles — Pittsburg, 154 J miles.] 

After passing Henry's Bar, cross to the right. 
AYhen going down Pithole Riffle, keep quite near the 
right shore, to avoid a rough, rocky bottom on the 
left. 

Walnut Islands. 

[Warren, 50J miles — Pittsburg, 154| miles.] 

The low-water channel is to the right ; but, in fair 
running stages, the left is preferable. It is not so 
crooked; besides, the distance is less. When ap- 
proaching the island on the left above, observe the 
strong current which runs toward the right of the 
island. 

Downing's Bar and Horse Oreek Eddy. 

[Warren, 53 miles — Pittsburg, 150 miles.] 

This bar is so situated as to turn the raain current 
of the river directly to the left shore. It, therefore, 
aids in forming Horse Creek Eddy, which lies imme- 
diately below the bar on the right, and is the usual 
landing-place on the eve of the lirst day's run from 
Warren. 

In order to pass to the left of the bar and hind in 
the eddy, keep down about the miildle of the river 



THE ALLEGHENY RIVER. 37 

until you have passed tlie head of the bar, theu turn 
short to the right. This is the deepest and safest 
channeh In very high water, rafts can go to the 
right of the bar, by keeping close to the right shore 
when running around the right point above, and land 
in the eddy with comparatively little labor. JSTever 
attempt this in low running stages. Sometimes boats 
and rafts land on the left, near the Fuman. 



DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 7. 

Horse Creek Island. 

[Warren, 54^- miles — Pittsburg, 148f miles.] 

Channel to the right. After passing the foot of 
the island, keep nearer to the right shore until you 
have passed Alcorn's Bars, which are to the left of 
the middle, the lowest of which is situated in the 
bend below. 

Oil Creek Island, Wo. 1. 

[Warren, 57i miles — Pittsburg, 14-5^- miles.] 

Channel to the right or left. In going to the right, 
after passing the head of the island, run closely to it, 
to avoid the large bar on the right below the mouth 
of Oil Creek. 

Oil Creek Eddy commences at the foot of the bar. 
This is the place for the embarkation of the immense 
yield of petroleum from Oil Creek. Oil City is situ- 
ated at the mouth of Oil Creek, and extends down 
the river as far as Thomas Morran's. [See Articles 
on " Oil City, Oil Creek, and Oil Begions," pages 14-24.] 



38 tiip] oil llegions of pennsylvania. 

Oil Creek Island, No. 2. 

[Warren, 68A miles— Pittsburg, 144^ miles.] 

Channel to the right. From the foot of the island 
keep about three-fourths of the river to the left until 
you have passed nearly around the bend below, which 
is about one mile, after which incline over to the left 
shore. You are then clear of Holiday's Bars, at the 
head of the bend, on the left. 

Shafer's Island. 

[Warren, (U.] miles— Pittsburg, 141.] miles.] 

Channel to the left. Keep slightly to the left of 
the middle of the chute when passing the head bar 
of the island. 



DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 8. 

Two-Mile Run Island. 

[Warren, 02^ miles — Pittsburg, 140J miles.] 

Channel to the left — slightlv to the left of the 
middle of the chute. 

McDowell's Island. 

Channel to the left. Keep about the middle until 
at the foot of the island. You are now about the 
right distance from the left shore to run around the 
bend, and pass through the third space from the right 
shore to the remains of Franklin Bridge. 

In order to land in Franklin for the purpose of 
doing business, it will bo necessary to take this chan- 
nel, and cross the mouth of French Creek. 



THE ALLEdllliNY RIVER. 39 

In high, water, boats can be landed an^^-where be- 
tween the bridge and lock. There is always plenty 
of water on Old Garrison Bar; but in low water it 
will be necessary to land either below the bar, and a 
little above the bridge, or at the upper steamboat 
landing, a few rods below the lock. The upper land- 
ing is performed by towing up, either before or after 
crossing French Creek. [See article on ^' FranJdin," 
page 21.] 

Hanging Rock Bar and Riffle. 

[Warren, 76| miles— Pittsburg, 126J miles.] 

Channel to the right or left. The easier and better 
channel is on the left. When you are nearly at the 
mouth of Big Sandy Creek, which comes in on the 
right above incline toward the left shore. After 
passing the l)ar cross to the right. This channel 
should always be run, except when leaving Big Sandy 
Eddy ; but with a large boat or raft it should not be 
attempted. After passing the bar, keep near the 
right shore down to 

Applegate's Riffle and Witherup's Bars. 

[Wiurcn, 77| miles— Pittsburg, 125i|- miles.] 

Channel to the right. Keep near the right shore 
while going down the riffle ; and, when down to the 
foot of the bars, prepare to go either to the right or 
left of Steen's Island. 

Steen's Island, 

[Wiu-ren, 78;| miles — Pittsburg, 124} miles.] 

Channel to the right or left. The deepest water is 
on the right; but the main track is to the left in 
almost every stage of water. Tlio water is about as 



40 THE OIL REGIONS OP PENNSYLVANIA. 

deep oil the left as it is on Applegate's or Charley's 
Riffles. After passing the island, keep near the right 
shore, to prepare for 

Charley's Riffle and Bars. 

[Warren, 80 miles— Pittsburg, 123 miles.] 

Channel to the right. Keep near the right shore 
while going down the riffle, and when around the 
bend incline over to the left, to prepare for AVilliams' 
Bars. 



DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 9. 

Williams' Bars. 

[AVarren, 81| miles — Pittsburg, 121^ miles.] 

Channel to the left. These bars are situated about 
three-fourths of a mile above the mouth of Denison's 
Run, which approaches from the right. When pass- 
ing them, keep about three-fourths of the river to 
the right. After passing them, incline to the right, 
to prepare for 

Big Scrubgrass Island and Bars. 

[Warren, 83.V miles— Pittsburg, 119.^ miles.] 

Here we have three channels, all of which are to 
the right of the island. The one generally used, and 
probabl}^, under all circumstances, the safest, is the 
right-shore channel, and to the right of Pilot Rock. 
This channel is rather difficult to luvvigate, in conse- 
quence of a heavy press of water toward the right 
shore below Pilot Rock. 

The second or middle (.-lianncl is between the Pilot 
Rock and the tow-head. It is the deepest, and re- 
quires skill to navigate it. To go through it with 



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* THE ALLEGHENY RIVER. 41 

a large boat or i-aft, keep slightly toward the right 
of the middle of the river. Be careful not to run 
upon the Pilot Rock or the tow-head on the left. 

The third channel between the tow-head and the 
foot of the island is not safe for large rafts, but 
good for flat-boats. 

After passing these bars, keep near the right shore, 
to prepare for 

Jacob's Bars. 

[Warren, 85J miles — Pittsburg, 117J miles.] 

The deepest and best channel is to the right of 
Bars No. 1 and No. 2. Cross to the left to avoid 
Bar No. 3, which juts out from the right shore 
nearly around the bend. After this, cross back to 
the right, to avoid Bar No. 4. 

The extreme left channel is a narrow one, exca- 
vated by keel-boatmen. 

Jacob's, or Falling Spring Riffle. 

[Warren, 86J miles — Pittsburg, 116J miles.] 

Eddy on the left, below the riffle. Falling Spring 
on the right. 

Jacob's Eddy, on the Right. 

[Warren, 88f miles — Pittsburg, 114]- miles.] 

Here we have a large bar on the eddy. Rafts ami 
boats frequently tie up for the night directly over it, 
although not very safely, especially when the watci' 
is falling fast. 



42 the oil regions of pennsylvania. 

Montgomery's Falls and Elephant Bars. 

[Warren, 90} miles — Pittsburg, 112| miles.] 

Here we have again three channels. In low water, 
while passing the Elephant Bars at the upper falls, 
keep by the right-shore channel. "When you are at 
the foot of the riffle, incline to the left and run down 
about the middle of the lower falls. 

In high water, keep close to the left shore while 
passing the bars ; afterward incline toward the mid- 
dle of the river. 

The center channel is wider and a little deeper 
than the left channel. 

Davis' Bar. 

[Warren, 91| miles — Pittsburg, 111} miles.] 

This bar makes out from the right-shore point in 
the bond, and reaches across the river more than 
lialf-wav. In good running stages it is not noticed. 
Steer slightly toward the left of tlie middle when 
jjassing it; l»iit iu lov.' water run around near the 
left shore. 

Craig's Eddy is just below, on the left. 

Evault's Defeat Island. 

[Warren, 93} miles— Pittsburg, 109f miles.] 

Channel to the left. In low water, keep near the 
head of the island when about to pass it. By this 
you avoid a rough, rocky bottom along the left of the 
riffle. When you are two-thirds of the way down 
the riffle, gradually incline to the left. When the 
river is in good running stage, go down about the 
middle of the river. The right of the island is very 
frequently dry. 



the allegheny river. 43 

Stover's Island. 

[Warren, 95| miles — Pittsburg, 107J miles. 

Channel to the right. This island is situated 
quite near the left shore. When at the foot of the 
island, keep about two-thirds of the river to the 
left until you pass Stover's Bar, immediately below 
the island. 

Patterson's Falls. 

[Warren, 97| miles — Pittsbui-g, 10-5| miles.] 

Steer down the middle of the river. When you 
arrive at the foot of the falls, keep near the right 
shore, in order to pass the right of Goif 's Bar, which 
is only a short distance below. This bar is situated 
in the middle of the river, and a short distance 
above a small stony point on the right shore. At 
low stages of water it is slightly covered with water. 
Look out for it. 

When going around the bend below, incline to the 
right shore, and prepare for 

Nicholson's Eddy and Hackney's Bar. 

[Warren, 99| miles — Pittsburg, 103|- miles.] 

Channel to the right. When opposite the little 
right-shore bar, a few rods below the boat-scaftbld, 
turn slightly to the right, in order to pass the head 
of Hackney's Bar; then incline more to the left. 
The head of the bar approaches so near the smaller 
one on the right, below the boat-scaflbld, as only to 
leave a very narrow passage, barely sufficient to navi- 
gate through. This must be done in season, for the 
main current of the river at this point crosses di- 
rectly to left of the bar; it then spreads over the 



44 THE OIL REGIONS OP PENTSTSYLVANIA. 

bar, for the space of half a mile, back into the right 
channel. The bar is abont a mile long. When you 
approach the foot, cross directly to the left shore, to 
avoid a rocky bar ou the right point. 



DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 10. 

Emlenton and Bridge. 

[Warren, 102;{ miles— rittsburg, 100.\ miles.] 

The bridge has only one pier, which stands in the 
middle of the river. Channel to the right. In going 
past Emlenton, it will rcqnire more or less care to 
avoid rnbbing the rocks along the right shore, until 
you approach Rocky Point, which is below the 
town, at the head of Ritchie's Riffle. 

Emlenton, sitnatcd on the left bank of the river, 
presents a business-like appearance. It contains the 
nsnal snpply of mechanic-shops, stores, etc. 

Large ipiantitics of grain are annnally shipped from 
this }>lace. Upon the whole, this is qnite a point for 
trade. 

Cumming's Trunk Riffle and Cuawfouo's Bar. 

[Warren, 104i| miles— Vittsburg, '.ISJ miles.] 

Channel to the right. Keep slightly to the right 
of the u\iddle while passing the bar, whicli lies quite 
near the left shore. 

Stump Creek Edpy, on the Left. 

[Warren, lOOJ miles— Pittsburg, '.^Gj miles.] 

This, or Miller's Eddy, is the usual place oi' land- 
ing, on the second night after leaving Warren. 



the allegheny river. 45 

Stump Creek Islands. 

[Warren, 108.| miles— Pittsburg, di\ miles.] 

Channel to the left. In very low water, after 
passing the head of the bar to the second islands, 
keep slig-htly out from the left shore, to avoid the 
rocky bottom on the left above the mouth of Clarion 
River. Now, turn short into the mouth of the 
creek ; then out again ; afterward hug the left shore 
until the middle of the third island has been passed, 
from which a bar juts out half-way to the left shore. 

The low-water boat channel is to the right of the 
first two islands. Cross back again into the left 
channel, near to the foot of the second island. This 
channel is dangerous for rafts. 

In high water, flat-boats can go to the right of the 
third island. 

Parker's Landing is on the right ; Graham's on the 
left, immediately below this island. 

Parker's Bars. 

[Warren, llOJ miles— Pittsburg, 92J miles.] 

The main rafting track, in a good stage of water, is 
upon the left, about midway l»otween the bar and 
the left shore. 

The center channel is the deeper and better in low 
water. 

Plat-boats can go to the right of the little bar op- 
posite the mouth of Parker's Run, a short distance 
below Parker's Landing. 

Parker's Falls. 

[Warren, lllj miles — Pittsburg, 91 1 miles.] 

Channel about the middle. 



46 the oil eeaions of pennsylvania. 

Rattlesnake Falls. 

[Warren, 112J miles — Pittsburg, 90J miles.] 

Bar on the right and left. Channel about the 
middle. 



DIKECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 11. 

Miller's Eddy, on the Right. 

[Warren, 115J miles — Pittsburg, 87f miles.] 

This excellent eddy is formed by a large bar that 
juts out from the right shore, and turns the current 
toward the middle of the river. In high water it 
is two days' run from Warren. This is also a con- 
siderable place — business-like in its exterior. Mr. R. 
Oris well is heavily engaged in the manufacture of 
fire-brick, which forms an important item of export 
from this eddy. 

Black Fox Island. 

[Warren, 116 miles — Pittsburg, 87 miles.] 

Channel to the right. In low water, keep toward 
the island, until the bar has been passed on the 
right, below the saw-mill. IsTow turn to the right, 
to avoid the large bar which projects from the head 
of the island. 

Bald Eagle Island. 

[Warren, 117|^ miles — Pittsburg, 85| miles.] 

Channel to the right. 

Armstrong's Rapids, or Trudy's Riffle, and 

Trudy's Bars. 
In good running stages, after rounding Cinder 
Bank Bend, keep down the left shore. Some rocks 



THE ALLEGHENY RIVER. 47 

in the water about three rods from the left shore, at 
the head of the riffle. 

In very low water, steer down about the middle 
of the river, and pass between the middle bar and 
the long, flat shore-bar on the right. I^Tow turn 
slightly to the right when going between the bars. 

Good Eddy on the right, in the bend below. 

Catfish Falls. 

[Warren, 122|- miles — Pittsburg, 80f miles.] 

Keep about two-thirds of the river to the left, at 
the commencement of the riffle, in order to pass be- 
tween the middle bar and the mill-dam on the right. 

The low-water channel for boats is down the left 
shore, and to the left of the middle bar, and very 
near the mouth of Catfish Kun. 

Catfish Eddy, on the left, below the large shore 
bar, and in front of the brick tavern, is a good land- 
ing-place for craft of all kinds. 

At the foot of this eddy is Brady's Bend. Around 
the bend, on the left, a short distance below the coal- 
scaflbld, under a point of rocks, is a good landing- 
place, and easy to land. 



Sugar Creek Rapids and Bars. 

[Warren, 124^ miles— Pittsburg, 78 J miles.] 

Keep down tiie left shore. 

Goose Bar. 

[Warren, 1"27^ miles — Pittsburg 75f miles.] 

Channel to the left. The main portion of this bar 
is situated in the short turn, opposite the point of 



48 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

the mountain where it comes down to the river on 
the left, below Snyder's coal-scalibld. The head of 
the bar extends diagonally toward, and nearly to, 
the coal-seaftbld. 

In order to pass this bar systematically, when 
around to the crossing-point rocks on the right 
about half a mile above the coal-scaflbld, commence 
working gradually over to the left. The crossing is 
easy. The crossing-point rocks may be known by a 
thick grove of hemlocks back of them. 

McClure's, or Magonigle's Bars. 

[Warren, 128f miles — Pittsburg, 74^ miles.] 

Channel to tlie left. In low water, be close to the 
left shore, when opposite a house standing alone, 
about half a mile below the town of Phillipsburg. In 
good running stages of water, keep down the right 
shore, till the bars have been passed, l^ow, incline 
to the left, to avoid a rocky bar below the mouth of 
Frazier's Run. Below the rocky bar, on the right, 
is Gillespie's Eddy. Red Bank Eddy is on the left. 

Red Bank Rapids and McClatchie's Bars, 

[Warren, 131^ miles — Pittsburg, 71| miles.] 

•Channel to the right or left. In low water, after 
leaving Red Bank Eddy, work gradually over to the 
right-shore point, opposite the mouth of Red Bank 
Oreek- Keep near the inght-shore point ; then wear 
out toward the middle, to avoid a bar on the right, 
below the point. 

In good running stages, keep down to the left of 
the long middle bar, about live rods from the left 
.ehore. 



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the allegheny river. 49 

Early's Island and Farly's Rapids. 

[Warreu, 133| miles — Pittsburg, G9i miles.] 

Channel to the left. In Ioav water, be quite near 
the left shore, when passing tlie head of the island, 
in order to avoid the little middle bar. Then turn 
out to the right toward the foot of the island, to 
avoid the large bar that projects from the left shore. 



DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 12. 

Dickson's Falls. 

[Warren, 18G miles — Pittsburg, G7 miles.] 

In very low water, the channel is near the right 
shore, at the head of the falls. The American Fur- 
nace is on the left. 

Nelly's Chute and Bar. 

[Warren, 138J miles — Pittsburg, 64J miles.] 

Channel to the right. In low water, keep near 
the right shore, when passing the head of the bar. 

The rock in the water near the right point, about 
a mile below, is of little account, except in very low 
stages of water. 

Mahoning Rapids. 

[Warren, 142J- miles — Pittsburg, GOi| miles.] 

In low water, after leaving Gray's Eddy, work 
gradually across to the right, so as to be about two- 
thirds across the river. When opposite the mouth 
of Mahoning Creek, pass between two small stony 
bars, the left one being about the middle of the river. 
When the bars have been passed, incline to the left, 
5 



30 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 3. 

Mill-stone Island. 

[Warren, 17 miles — Pittsburg, 185 miles.] 

Here the cliannel is to the left, about the center of 
the left chute. 

Goose Flat Island. 

[Warren, 18 miles — Pittsburg, 184 miles.] 

Channel to the left. There is also a channel to the 
right ; but it is not traveled much. 

Magee's Bar. 

[Warren, 19 miles— Pittsburg, 183 miles.] 

Channel to the right. After leaving the lower 
Goose Flat Island, keep near the middle. When 
passing the bar, be a little nearer to the right than 
left shore; after which incline to the left. 

CouRSON Islands. 

[Warren, 19| miles— Pittsburg, 183^ miles.] 

Channel to the left. Xo navigable channel to the 
right. 

Maguire's Bar. 

[AVarren, 21 miles— Pittsburg, 181 miles.] 

Here the channel is to the right. This bar is situ- 
ated on the left, a few rods above the foot of the 
third Courson Island. It reaches about half-way 
from the left shore to the island. "When passing it 
in low- water, leave two-thirds of the river to the left. 



THE ALLE({HF.XY RIVER. 31 

TiDiouTE Island. 

[Warren, 22 miles — Pittsburp.-, 181 miles.] 

Pilots should, in oi'der to liave a correct knowledge 
of this place, thoronglily examine the chart. In high 
water, rafts that come from above the Courson 
Islands always go to the left; but the center, or 
channel which runs between the head of the island 
and the upper middle bar, crosses the boat channel, 
and runs to the right of the lower middle bar, is 
preferable in low water. The right or low-water 
boat channel turns to the right at the upper end of 
the eddy, and above the upper middle bar passes 
through the eddy and down the riffle about three 
rods from the right shore, crosses the center channel, 
and runs down close to the island, and to the left of 
the lower middle bar. The latter is deeper than 
either of the others, but too crooked at the heads of 
the upper and lower middle bars for rafts to get into. 
The bar on the right, beloAv Gordon's Run, reaches 
over half-way to the foot of the island. After pass- 
ing the island, cross to the right shore. 

White Oak Island. 

[Warren, 26 miles — Pittsburg, 177 miles.] 

From the foot of Tidioute Island to White Oak 
there are no less than ten islands and bars, which 
give the river a rugged appearance. From the cen- 
ter to the left shore, islands, bars, and tow-heads 
spot the river ; the channel is, however, always to 
the right. Thov are well defined on the chart. 

The famed Av^'hite Oak Chute, which is the main 
traveled path \n liigh water, is to the right of the 
island. The channel to the left of White Oak is con- 



62 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

shouUl not bo done uules3 for the purpose of landing 
at Kit tanning". 

KlTTANNINa BkIDQE. 
[Warren, 158} miles — Pittsburg. 40} miles.] 

Channel tirst or second space from the right shore ; 
second space is the deeper. After passing the bridge, 
keep near the right shore until you have passed the 
bar, situated about the middle of the river in front 
of the roUlug-mill. at the lower end of the town. 

li\ good running stages, tlat-boats can go to the 
left oX' the bar. 

Blue Kock Eddy is on the let'r, below the bar, and 
a short distance above the town o{ Manorville. 

Coqslky's Island. 

[Wnrron, 1(>6J miles — Pittsburg, 47J^ miles.] 

Channel to the let"!. After passing the bar at the 
head of the island, incline to the right, to avoid the 
bar on the let't, opposite the foot of the island. When 
the island has boon passed, cross over to the right, 
and keep near the right shore until Montgomery's 
Bars have been passed, and you approach 

Crooked Crkkk Islands. 

[Wiirren, 15SJ miles — rittsbuvj:. 44i miles.] 

Channel to the right. In low water, run around 
to the right of the middle bar. which lies even with 
the head of the second island. 

At the foot of the bar, turn short to the let't toward 
the island, to avoid being driven upon the bar that 
extends upward from the head of Sloan's Island, on 
the right. .Vttcr this bar has been passed, incline 



THE ALLEGHENY RlVEU. 53 

to tlie middle of the river ; nmke n loiio- erossinc; 
toward the white rocks on the right shore, to prepare 
for Nicholson's Islands and Falls. 

In good rnnning stages, rafts rnn direeliy over the 
middle bar, to which we have already alluded, near 
the head of the second island. 

Nicholson's Islands and Falls. 

[Warren, l(')li{ luilos — rittsliurji;, 111 'nit*"^-] 

Channel to the right. In good nmniug stages, 
steer slightly toward the right of the middle while 
going down the falls; but, in low w:>ttM', -aWcv ))as,s- 
ing the head of the tirst island, incline to llu> left, 
and keep near the islands. After passing the bar, 
which is a short distance below the loot of the second 
island, keep near the middle oi' Ihc i-iver until you 
liave passed the Corntield Bars : the one on (lie left, 
which extends across the mouth of Taylor's Kun ; 
the other, on the opposite side, is near the town of 
Clinton. 

Pickel's Eddy, on the Left. 

[Warron, 1(54| miles — Pittsburg, 38J miles.] 

This is the general landing-place on the eve of the 
third day's run from Warren, After leaving the eddy, 
steer so as to go to the right of Walker's Bar, a short 
distance below. The head of the bar extends u\) to 
the lower end of the eddy. 

Murphy's Eddy is a mile Ixilow, on tli(> right, and 
immediately below the cinder-bank to Hill's Salt- 
works, and opposite the foot oi' Wtilker's Bar. This 
eddy is convenient, l)ut not so large as J'iekel's. 



64 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 14. 

Murphy's Island. 

[Warren, 166| miles— Pittsburg, 36^ miles.] 

Channel to right or left. The rafting channel is 
to the right. About midway between the head bar 
of the island and right shore is a small lump, or bar ; 
rafts can go either side of it. 

In very low water, flat-boats should go to the left 
of the island, as it is the deepest water, and nothing 
in the way, except a small rock, which lies a little 
below the middle of and quite near the island. 

Mad-Dog Island. 

[Warren, 168^ miles — Pittsburg, 34^ miles.] 

Channel to the right. After passing the head bar 
of the island, and when going down the riffle, care 
should be taken not to be driven ao-aiust the ris^ht 
shore. The water presses hard to the right, and is 
very swift. 

Aqueduct. 

[AVarren, 169J miles — Pittsburg, 33^ miles.] 

Channel first or second space from the right shore. 
Xiskiminitas Creek empties into the river on the left 
below the aqueduct. 

In passing the raih'oad bridge below the aque- 
duct, always take the middle space. Look out for 
thispLnce; it is well calculated to deceive. The bar 
on the right shore, a little below the aqueduct, turns 
the main current out toward the middle of the river. 
Many have attempted to descend through the next 
space to the right, but almost invariably shipwrecked 
on the second pier from the right shore. 



the allegheny river. sh 

Karn's Island. 

[Warren, 173J miles — Pittsburg, 29J miles.] 

Channel to the left. When going down the reach, 
work gradually over to the left ; and, when passing 
the head bar of the island, be very near the left shore. 

Jack's Island. 

[Warren, 175 miles — Pittsburg, 28 miles.] 

Channel to the right. While entering the chute, 
keep nearest the island, in consequence of a small bar 
near the right shore, and a small distance above the 
head of the island. When opposite the middle of 
the island, incline to the left, and pass near the foot, 
to avoid a large bar which juts out from the shore. 



DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 15. 

Bull Creek Island. 

[Warren, 178 miles — Pittsburg, 25 miles.] 

Channel to the left. About half a mile below the 
foot of the island, and near the mouth of Bull Creek, 
which enters upon the left, the Bull Creek bars com- 
mence. These bars extend diagonally, gradually 
nearing the left shore for about three-fourths of a 
mile. The end of the bars, and the narrowest place, 
is even with the lower salt-works. After passing the 
island, keep near the left shore, and when passing 
the lower salt-works, hug the left shore closely. In 
low water, be only a few feet from shore. After pass- 
ing the bars, in-line toward the middle. 



66 THE OIL REGIONS OP PENNSYLVANIA. 

PucKERTY Island. 

[Warren, 183 miles — Pittsburg, 20 miles.] 

Channel to the left. After passing the bar at the 
foot of the island, keep slightly toward the middle 
until a large bar on the left has been passed, which 
extends downward from the mouth of Poketus Creek. 
Logan's Eddy is on the left below the bar. 

Fourteen-Mile Island. 

[Warren, 186^ miles — rittsbui-g, 16\ miles.] 

Channel to the left. lu good running stages, keep 
the straight channel, and near the left shore, to avoid 
the large bars that make out from the island. In very 
low water, keep the left or crooked channel. [See 
chart.'] The little bar near the white rock is of no 
consequence, except in very low running. 

Huland's Eddy is on the right, below the mouth 
of Deer Creek. 

Nine-Mile Island. 

[Warren, 191A miles— Pittsburg, lU miles.] 

Channel to the right or left. The best rafting chan- 
nel is to the left, although it is not traveled, perhaps, 
as much as the right. The crossing to the left is made 
very easy, if commenced on the ritHe, at Powers' Run, 
about a mile above. This channel is not crooked, 
and is much more easily navigatt^d. [Study the 
chart.] 



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THE ALLEGHENY RIVER. 57 

DIRECTIONS FOR MAP NO. 16. 

Six-Mile Island. 

[Warren, 195} miles — rittsburg, 7f miles.] 

Channel to the left. Enter tlie chute to the right 
of the middle ; afterward incline to the right, and 
pass near the foot of the island, to avoid a large bar 
on the left, below the mouth of Negley's Run. 

Sharpsburg Bridge. 

[Warren, 197} miles — Pittsburg, 5f miles.] 

Channel second space from the right shore. 
Hare's Island, on the Right. 

[AVarrcn, 200} miles — Pittsburg, 2^ miles.] 

Garrison Island on the left; channel about mid- 
way. After passing the head bar of Hare's Island, 
keep to the right, and run close to the foot, in order 
to either land in the eddy below the island, or to pass 
the bridges. 

In passing the bridges, it is the usual custom to 
take the first or second spans from the right shore. 
After passing the lowermost bridge, incline outward, 
80 as to be to the left of the middle vp^heu opposite the 

Point at Pittsburg. 

[Warren, 203 miles.] 



PITTSBURG. 



ITS LOCATION. 



Pittsburg, the second city of Pennsylvania, is situ- 
ated at the head of the Ohio River, formed by the 
junction of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers — 
the Allegheny running from the north-east, and the 
Monongahela from the south-west, meeting at an 
angle of about thirty-three degrees. 

its early history. 

Pittsburg has early associations in its history. Not 
only the early settlers of America, but even France 
and England, regarded the site a very important one 
to sustain the occupation of this department of a new 
country. As early as 1784, mention has been made 
by historians that the ground between Fort Pitt and 
the Allegheny River was disposed of by the original 
proprietaries. The sale embraced what was supposed 
to be about three acres, which was soon laid out in 
town-lots. This disposition of the land, no doubt, 
was influenced by the importance of the situation, 
already ratified by military operations, which have 
become historic. The visits of distinguished person- 
ages, for civic and military purposes, at this period, 
gave character and eclat to the embryo city. Very 
soon merchandising and manufacturing, with capital 

(58> 



PITTSBURG. 59 

correspondent with the size and wants of the place, 
were established. Then came the more powerful 
civilizers — ^the school-house, the press, and the church. 
Connection with the East was transitory and unre- 
liable — sometimes by pack-mule transportation, at 
other times by an occasional traveler, who ventur- 
ously climbed the Allegheny, to take a glimpse at 
the opening of the Mississippi Valley. 

Five hundred inhabitants, in 1788, only four years 
subsequent to its original laying out, with very few, 
if any, of the comforts of civilized life, congregated 
together, remote from social ties, prognosticated al- 
ready the future greatness and prosperity which the 
present generation have seen verified. 

The small manufacturing establishment of that 
early day was but the parent of the present large 
establishments, which, in their proportions and 
character of manufacture, so justly entitles them to 
rank with a Bmningham or a Sheffield of another 
country. 

ITS AVATER AND RAILROAD FACILITIES. 

Water and railroad communications have created 
avenues for trade and intercourse in every direction 
throughout the country. Situated at the head of the 
Ohio River, it enjoys direct communication with the' 
Mississippi Valley, embracing a region of thousands 
of miles, with its cities, its towns, and its agricultural 
districts, necessarily requiring the manufactures of 
this industrial city. 

The Monongahela, as it courses its way through 
fertile districts, embraces enterprise and industry, 
with which Pittsburg can exchange with reciprocal 
benefits. 



60 THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

Again, tlie Allegheny Eiver, with its rich agricul- 
tural valley, presents another communication by which 
the products of the farm can be exchanged for the 
.products of the mine and the shop; while the oil 
region, with its immense wealth, situated upon this 
stream and its tributaries, can find a market or an 
outlet to all parts of the United States, through the 
manifold water and river communications which 
throw their branches throughout so much of that ter- 
ritory ; even oceanic transportation may be obtained. 

While river transportation is directed toward so 
many districts, the interior of the great Western 
States is brought near by railroads, and the Eastern 
cities visited with speedy and safe carriage by similar 
conveyances, affording communication with the sea- 
board. Large quantities of oil are now daily car- 
ried over the railroad to the East. The Allegheny 
Valley, with other small contiguous valleys, seem to 
be the actual oil region. This is predicated upon the 
fact that its products furnish the demand. The oil, 
to a great extent, finds its way to Pittsburg by the 
Allegheny River, which, when in a very low stage, 
is subserved by railroad transportation. 

POPULATION AND BUSINESS. 

The resident population of Pittsburg is about eighty 
etiousand. Birmingham and Allegheny cities are con- 
nected with Pittsburg by bridges, both of which are 
flourishing towns, and have many manufactories of 
iron, glass, and wares of other kinds, producing a 
large quantity yearly. 

There are in Pittsburg and its vicinity eighteen 
rolling-mills, with a large amount of capital invested, 
and employing some thousands of hands, besides 



PITTSBURG. 61 

many very large foundries, together with many 
smaller ones, employing a very large number of 
hands and capital. 

The cotton factories, the glass, the white-lead, the 
manufactories of axes, hatchets, steel-springs, anvils, 
axles, vises, saws of every kind ; shovels, spades, 
forks, hoes, and every useful and ornamental article 
of iron which is now used, employ immense capital, 
which deservedly entitles this city to the rank of the 
greatest manufacturing power of America. 

The oil which daily descends the Allegheny, if in 
its crude state, finds a market. Large and capacious 
refineries are in operation, and add a boundless store 
of wealth and employ to the city. 

The levee of the Alleghen}^ with its boats unlad- 
ing, with its tiers of barrels arrayed with business- 
like precision, and the large storehouses and refine- 
ries fronting the river, present a scene of activity 
which, in its wealth, enhances the already great pros- 
perity of the Iron City, 

BUSINESS CHARACTER. 

The industrial energy and spirited character of its 
people often astounds a visitor. Here eyerybody 
works, not by proxy, but in projma j^ersona. The 
head of a wealthy manufacturing or mercantile estab- 
lishment may be often seen, in business hours, minus 
his coat and vest, now heaving a box, or a heavy piece 
of iron, with his porter's help ; again, rolling a box 
on a dray, with the muscular povv^er of the strong 
drayman himself. 

The timidity lest such work may be unfashionable, 
as voted in many mercantile circles of even less pro-- 



62 THE OIL REOrONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

portion than the Smoky City, is here changed to a 
courage noble, manly, and unselfish. This fashion has 
made the city. It has made wealth. It has supplied 
the country with millions of necessaries, for which, 
in tlie absence of industrial care and labor, humanity 
would have been loss beuclited. 

The whole number of refineries in the city and 
vicinity is fifty-oiglit, with a capacity per week* of 
nine thousand barrels. 

Value of real estate, building, and machinery, 
$2,534,000 ; value Of refined oils, |8,599,223 ; wages 
paid per annum, $350,000. 



PETROLEUM. 

The sources of petroleum and mineral pitch in Asia 
and other countries are confined to the rocks of new, 
secondary, and tertiary ages, which in the Alleghany 
regions furnish such abundant supplies of petroleum. 

Bitumen, in the paleozoic basin of ]S"orth America, 
either in liquid or solid, depends upon oxygen, since, 
by oxydation, the petroleum becomes slowly changed 
into naphtha, which, at ordinary temperature, is solid. 

In the calcareous sand-rocks in New York, a black 
substance, which has been called anthracite, has been 
found, in which the bitumen appears to have lost its 
fusibility, and even its solubility. 

A similar material occurs in the Quebec group in 
Canada, which evidently showed that at some an- 
cient period it was semi-fiuid. 

It is very easy to distinguish between lignite and 
bituminous rocks. Some are disposed to regard the 
former as the source of bitumen. Later examina- 



PETROLEUM. 68 

tions, however, show that bitumen has been gener- 
ated under different conditions from those which 
have transformed organic matter into coal. 

We find in the Utica and Hamilton formations 
highly inflammable pyro-schists, which contain no 
soluble bitumen ; but yet the Trenton limestone is 
impregnated with petroleum, and gave rise to many 
petroleum springs. 

It has now been safely concluded that petroleum 
has been generated by the transformation of organic 
matter in underlying strata. 

Some theories have been advanced that coal is the 
product of mineral substances, and that petroleum 
was distilled from coal. If this should be true, how 
could carbon acquire such a condition of purity if 
coal was the first product? There are some who 
trace the change of wood to peat, brown coal, and 
bituminous coal, through analysis. 

T. Sterry Hunt, M.A., F.R. S., when upon a geo- 
scientific research, and now refutes this theory in his 
logical survey of Canada, gave the country a thorough 
"Notes on the History of Petroleum, or Tlofk Oil." 



LIST OF OIL COMPANIES. 



T>ITT!SI?XJI10. 



Names of Companies. 



Acme 

Allegheny and Pittsburg 

Ardesco 

Bannei" 

Blood Farm and Ohio VaUoy 

Cherry Run Ceutral 

Citizens' 

Columbia 

Culbcvtson Pain 

Fayette 

Federal 

Fleming & Blood 

Germauia. 

Good Intent 

Horse Neck 

Iron City 

Linden 

Luscesco 

McAboy Cherry Run 

Merchants' 

National 

Newal's Run 

Nonpareil 

Noi'th American 

Ohio Valley 

Pittsburg and Great Western. 
Pittsburg and West Virginia 

Ross 

Smoky Citv 

Stella \ 

Story 

Venango Central 

West Virginia 

West Virginia Basin 

Whitelv Creek 



Capital. 


Nl'MBEU OF 

Shajjes. 


> 


$200,000 


10,000 








130,000 


65,000 


250,000 


250,000 


2,500,000 
150,000 


50,000 
75,000 


480,000 
100,000 
200,000 


60,000 
20,000 
40,000 


100,000 
150.000 
200,000 


50,000 
80,000 
40,000 




50,000 


100,000 














200,t)()0 
100,000 


40,000 




100,000 


100,000 






25.000 

■ 75,000 

20,000 

20,000 


60,000 
75,000 
20,000 
20,000 



IS^DE W 


Y o rtiv . 






Names of Companiks. 


Capital. 


NiiMBKR or 
Shares. 






1500.000 
300,000 
2.000.000 
5,000.000 
4,t)00,000 
200,000 


"so.obo 

200,000 
60,000 

400,000 
40,000 


iglOO 




10 




10 




100 




10 


'^uohauan Oil and Rectifying 


5 



^V^ A Tl K E N 




t^ 



LIST OF OIL COMPANIES. 



65 



]V E AV Y O R Iv . 

(continued.) 



Names op Companies. 



Central 

Clinton 

Commercial 

C<(ftsolidated (of N. Y.) 

Enterprise 

Flowing AVell 

Grcfit Western 

Higligate 

Home 

Hope 

Island 

Kanawha 

Knickerbocker 

Manhattan ■ 

Maple Shade (of N. Y.) 

Marietta 

Miller Farm 

McKinley 

New York and West Virginia 
New York and Tennsylvauia . 

Noble Well 

Oil Creek 

Revenue 

Rynd Farm 

Story & McOlintock 

Success 

Union 

United States 



Capital. 



$5,000,000 

500,000 

5,000,0()() 

1,000,000 

100,000 

50,000 



5,000,000 



5()0,0t)0 
50(),0tH) 



500,000 

300,000 
250,Ot)O 
500,000 

1,000,000 
500,000 

1,000,000 
'250,000 

2,000,000 



Vesta Petroleum and Eetiniug. 



100,000 
125,000 
500,000 
500,000 



NlIMBEIt OP 

Shakes. 



50,000 
50,000 
60,000 
100,000 
10,000 
1,000 



50,000 

50,000 
50,000 



50,000 

'60,'6o6 
25,000 
50,000 

100,000 

20,000 

50,000 

5,000 

200,000 



10,000 

12,500 

50,000 

5,000 



0) o 



$10 

100 

10 

10 

50 



100 

io 

10 



10 

6 

10 
10 
10 
26 
20 
60 
10 

io 

10 

10 

100 



liSJj A. f > I-: lu I» II I A. . 



Names of Companies. 

Minn 7. 77. ..... . 7. 

Adamantine Oil Co 

Alcorn Oil Co 

Allegheny lliver Oil Co 

Allegheny and l'itls))urg 

AUeglieny and Tidioute Oil... 
Allegheny and Walnut I{<'nil 

American Oil Co 

I5eacon Oil 

Big Tank Oil Co 

Blcakley Oil (,'o ,., 

5 



Capitai,. 



$500,000 

500,000 

500,000 

75,000 

500,000 



250.000 
.500,000 
.500,(t00 
500,000 
500,000 



NUMBEll Oi' 

Shares. 



50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
75,000 
60,000 

50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
100,000 
50,000 



H P 
P^.^ 



$10 
10 
10 

1 

10 

6 
10 
10 

5 
10 



THE OIL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

(CONTINCED.) 



Names of Companies. 



Briggs 

Brunei- Oil and Mining 

Bull Creek Oil Co 

Cherry Run Oil Co 

Columbia Oil Co., Pittsburg 

Commercial Oil 

Consolidated (of Philadelphia) 

Continental 

Cornplanter 

Cow Creek and Stilwell Run 

Curtin 

Delzell Oil 

Dark Hollow 

Decatur 

Densmore 

Diamond 

Eagle Rock Oil Co 

Egbert Oil 

Empire and Oil City 

Excelsior Oil 

Farel 

Franklin Lubricating Oil Co 

French Creek Lubricating 

Girard 

Globe 

Great Western Oil Co., N. Y 

Green Hill 

Hibbard Oil Co , 

Hoge Island 

Holland Petroleum Co , 

Hoover 

Hope Farm 

Horse Creek 

Hosiner Oil Co 

Howe's Eddy 

Hughes River 

Irwin 

Junction 

Keystone 

Lambcrton Oil and Manufacturing Co... ' 

Lancaster 

Maplo Shade (of Philadelphia) 

Mci^lintockville 

McCormick & McKissock 

McEUieny 

McGuire 







M 


Capital. 


NUMBKR OF 


^4 




Shares. 


$500,000 


50,000 


$10 


500,000 


100,000 


5 


1,000,000 


100,000 


10 


200,000 


20,000 


10 


2,500,000 


250,000 


10 


500,000 


50,000 


10 


600,000 


00,000 


10 


500,000 


50,(»00 


10 


1,000,000 


100,000 


10 


500,000 


100,000 


6 


500.000 


50,000 


10 


2,000,000 


200,000 


10 


500,000 


50,000 


10 


400,000 


40,000 


10 


500,000 


50,000 


10 


500,000 


50,000 


10 


500,000 


50,000 


10 


500,000 


50,000 


10 


500,000 


50,000 


10 


500,000 


100,000 


5 


500,000 


50,000 


10 


500,000 


25,000 


20 


450,000 


00,000 


15 


100,000 


10,000 


IC 


300,000 


80,000 


11 


500,000 


50,000 


IC 


600,000 


50,000 


U 


500,000 


100,000 


f 


250,000 


25,000 


It 


500,000 


50,000 


11 


500,000 


50,000 


u 


500,000 


50,(M)0 


1( 


500,000 


50,000 


1( 


500,000 


50,000 


1( 


300,000 


30,000 


11 


500,000 


50,000 


11 


500,000 


50,000 


11 


500,000 


50,000 


1( 


125,000 


25,000 


i 


500,000 


50,000 


1( 


500,000 


50,000 


1( 


2,000,000 


200,000 


1 


500,000 


50,000 


1 


1,000,000 


100,000 


1 


500,000 


50,000 


1 



LIST OF OIL C0MPAN1K8. 



()7 



I» II I X^ A. I> E T^ T' 1 1 I V . 

(CONTINUKU.) 



Names of Comimnies. 



Metropolitan 

Middle Walnut Oil Co 

Mineral 

Noble & Delainator 

Oil (!Ireek I'elroleiini 

Oil Valley Petroleuni (of ronn.).... 

Oliiistcati 

()riii.sl)y relroleiim Co 

OriTfanic 

Parker I'etruleuiu Co 

Pearson Petroleum Co 

Pennsylvania (\'utral Oil Co 

Pennsylvania Oil Creek Petroleum. 

Perry 

Petroleum Center 

Pliiladeljihia Oil ; 

Pliiiad('l|i)iia and Oil Creek 

Pliil;id('lj)liiM, and 'i'idioute Island 

Phillips 

Pit Hole 

Pittsburf;; and Oil Creek J'etrona.... 

Pope Farm Oil 

Quaker City 

Reliance 

Revenue Oil ('o 

River Oil 

Roberts' Oil and Mining 

Rock 

Rockland 

Schuylkill and Oil (Jreek 

Seneca 



Story Farm 

Story Centei- Oil Co 

Sugar (')'eek 

Sutle Jjubrieatiiif!; Oil Co 

Tarr Farm Oil (!o 

Tidioutc and Allegheny 

Tipton 

Union 

Upper Economy I'etroleuin Co, 

Van Uuren Oil (Jo , 

Vance Stewart , 

Venango 

West Viiginiii 

Washington Oil Co 

Wataon Petroleum Co 



Capital. 



("(00,00(1 

r)Oo,ooo 
r)00,ooo 
;{7r>,oo() 

500,000 

r)00,oo() 

500,000 



500,000 
200,000 
500,000 
500,000 
500,000 
250,000 
500,000 
500,000 
200,0(10 
5(10,000 
5()(),00() 
500,000 
100,000 
5()0,00() 
250,000 
500,000 
500,000 
500,000 
500,000 
500,t)00 
500,000 
1,000,000 
500,000 
500,000 
500,000 
250,000 
250,000 
50(t,000 
50(t,()00 
500,000 
500,000 

:{oo,oi)0 

500,000 
200,000 
500,000 
500,000 



NruMM'.n OF 

tillAllKB. 



50,000 
50.000 
50,000 
50,000 
«7,500 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 

100,000 
20,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
10,000 
50,000 
50,()(t0 
'1(1,00(1 
50,000 
50,000 
50,(»(»0 
10,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,0(»0 
25,000 

200,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 

1 00,000 
50,000 
25,000 
00,000 
25,000 
20,000 
25,000 
50,000 






^10 
IC 

1(\ 

10 
10 
10 

](» 

10 
10 

5 
10 
10 
10 
10 
25 
10 
10 

5 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
25 
10 
10 
10 
IC 

](r 

20 
5 

10 
10 
10 
5 
5 
10 

r> 

10 
20 
5 
20 
10 
20 
10 



Iron Block, No. 37 Fifth Street. 



DUFF'S ORIGINAL PLAN OF 

BUSINESS EDUC A.T ION, 

TnuKlit I'm- the lust Iwcnty-livc vciirs I'n.in liis Mstems of 

MERCANTILE, BANK, RAILROAD & STEAMBOAT BOOK-KEEPING, 

A'ilh First Piomium BUSINESS and ORNAMENTAL PENMANSHIP. 

The oiilv institution of tlie Icind in the United states eonducted 

by a PRACTICAL MFUCHANT. 



HARPER'S ENLARGED EnlTION OF 
DXJFF'S TVIEE.C A.ISrTILE BO OIC-KlEEFIKra-. 

Sold l)y IJoolvsellers genemlly. Price $1.S7. Postage 20 Cents. 
- aiictioned by Special Committees of tlie Americ-an Institute and J/ew York 
( 1. amber of Commerce, as tlie most thorough system of accounts published. 

AWABDED FOUR SILVER MEDALS, 

WUic-h, with tlie following testimonials indicate tlie character of this v/ork : 

" No otlier work upon Hook-keeping explains tlie subject with so much clear- 
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" It gives a clear insight into all departments of this science."— A. S. FRA- 
^^ ; ;R, Cashie)- of Seventh Ward Bank, X. Y. 

" As an extensive ship owner, American and European merchant, bank di- 
re. itor, etc., lie has born the reputation of the highest order of business talents."— 
,1 .HN W. BUKNHAM, Merchant, No. S, /South street, N. Y. 

"Mr. Dull" is a man of rare qualifications for business."— JOHN M. D. TAY- 
1,1 iR, Merchant, Union slreet. New Orleans. 

"Mr. Dull" IS a merchant of the first respectability."— J. LANDIS, Men-chant, 
.\r(o Orleans. 

" I graduated in DufT's College in half the time I expected. His admirable 
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( . .MPTON, O-ishier Niagara Bank, Lockport, N. Y. 

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/'resident Manhallan Bank, N. Y. 

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/•i.-sideiU Exelutniir Bank, I'itlsburgh. 

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( ■ ..^hier Bank Bitisbnrgh. 

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"The favorable opinions already expressed by gentlemen of competent au- 
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V^npi^"'!? i^iVV} WOHTTT ^ Special Committee of the 
KoSi^KELLy' '''''"•; Chamber of Commerce. N. Y. 

F.xtrnct from the Minutes. 

PROSPER M. WETMORE, Secretary. 

"Your Coinmiltee unanimously concur in the opinion of the utility of the 
i'lproved nu-tluHl of Mr. Dutt,"- GUUDON J. JjFEDS, liecordinr/ /Secretary of the 
..,iierivan 1 nut Hide, New York. 

A N 1-; W K N t A It K D IC D I T 1 O N OK 

DUFF'S STEAMBOAT BOOK-KEEPING, 
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PITTSBURGH FEMALE COLLEGE, 




EEV. I. 0. PEESHING, D, D,, Prosident. 

Best sustained College in the State. Attendance puesent yeak, UPWARDS OF 

FOUR HUNDRIiD. Large and beautiful isKiric uuii.niNos, wiih all the 

modern improvements. Twenty able and aeeoinplisheii Teachers 

Are taught by Native Teachers. 

is very large, and is under tlie care of an accomplished Artist 

from New York, wiio has been eonneofed with ttie 

CoUetiefor BKVKN VEAK8. 

THE MUSICAL DEPARTMENT, 

Numbering, the past year, upwards of Two HUNDur.n, 
is under the care of riiOK. IIKNUY KOlIBOt'K, a 
German gentleman of rare musical talents, who has 
devoted his entire; life-time to his profession, and who has had ui-WAUUS of 
twenty-five YEARS EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING. Four additional leacliers are 
employed in the same Department. In this, as in all the other l^epartments, it 
is confidently believed that tlie College oilers advanta- 
ges unsurpassed by any similar institution in the land. 

THE BOA.R13I1VO 13JE:1PjVIIT3I1i:INT 

Is under the special care of the President. Fifty Dollaks per term— of four- 
teen weeks— pays all expenses in this Department, except fuel and washing. 

FALL TERM commences Tuesday August 2!>th, 1805. 
WINTER TERM, Tuesday December r)th, USCo. 
SPRING TERM Thursday March 23d, 1860, 
Send to President Pershing for a Catalogue. 



Pittsbckgii, May, 1S6">. 



l»i-«'H. T'riiislccw. 



PITTSBURGH 



n 
Ulli 



EiERAL liliCE AGiC!, 



No. 64 FOURTH STREET. 



COMPANIES REPRESENTED: 

2ETNA, Hartford, Assets, $4,000,000. 

CHAETEK OAK, " " 375,000. 

HARMONY, New York, " 500,000. 

THAMES, Norwich, " 250,000. 



These old and popular Companies, having aggregate cash assets exceeding 

FIVE MILLIONS OF DOLLARS, 

Continue to accept risks on all descriptions of property, including 

Refineries, Petroleum and its Products, 

Either in "Warehouses, Tanks, Yard, or on Wharf, and in transit, 

ON REASONABLE TERMS. 

Policies issued without delay, and all business attended to with Fidelity 
and Dispatch, on application to 



A.. A., CA.TtriIEK. &. SRO., 



DEAT^KR IN 

f Ii0t0fiiiilit ||«tjei:iil^ 

OF EVERY DESCKIPTION, 

No. 52 St. Clair Street, opposite St. Clair Hotel, 



All Chemicals, Paper and Cameras thoroughly tested at my Pho- 
tographic Galleries, Nos. 46, 48 and 50 ST. CLAIR ST. 

Always on hand an extensive and complete assortment of 

Ca-me-ras, jl-pjpcb-rcut-ws, Cases, CherrhiGCbls, 
G-lcLss, (Plates, Jvfattzrig, (Passe- 

CPaTtozbts, (pTeseTueTs, 

(PlzotogTapJi-iG (Papei-, ^aoh- 

GTQ-ULTzds, S'ky- Lights, CTiai-rs, c/o., cfb. 

Orders by Mail or Express attended to with Promptness 
and Dispatch. 



PHOTOGRAPHIC GALLERY, 

4(0. ^3 and Bt> S7. ©LAUa S'j*. 



WATER COLOR MINIATURES, LIFE-SIZE PHOTOGRAPHS \HZ RAYON, 

OIL, INDIA INK, etc. PHOTOGRAPHS WITH LAND- 

SCAPEAND FANCY BACKGROUNDS. 

IVORYTYPES. 

PITT.SBURGH, MAY, 1865. 



a-E3srE:R,.A.ij Foi^Eio-isr .A.C3-E:iNro"5r 

AT THE 

ADAMS' EXPRESS OFFICE. 



Passage to and from Europe in Sailing "Vessels. 
Drafts on all parts of Europe. 

W]Vt. BIIVGHA^lVr, .Jr., 

Adams Kxpress Office, o4 F'ifth Street, 

PITTSBURGH, PA, 




S1>.N OF THE ANVll,. 



IMPORTERSAND DEALERS IN ♦ 









Three doors above St. Charles Hotels 
50 WOOD STREET, 



M. WHITMORE, C. H. WOLF, 

GEO, J. DUFF, THOS. H. LANE. 



o Xj If" , j':ei . 

Importer and Dealer in 

HARDWARE, 

Coiisistiiig in part of 

BLACKSMITHS', CARPENTERS', 

SADDLERS' AND COOPERS' TOOLS ; 

LOCKS, LATCHES, MILL xiND CROSS- 
CUT SAWS, AXES AND STEEL, 

RIFLE BARRELS, GUN TRIMMINGS, 

SADDLERY, HARDWARE, PLATFORM 
SCALES, CUTLERY, 

COFFIN TRIMMINGS, 

LACE LEATHER.. . 

Corner of Ldherty and St. Clair Streets, 



